A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW ON INTERNET OF THINGS (IOT) IN PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES: APPLICATIONS IN DRUG DELIVERY AND SMART PATCHES

The incorporation of the Internet of Things (IoT) into pharmaceutical sciences is transforming the way drug delivery systems are designed and how patient care is delivered. By enabling connectivity between devices, sensors, and digital platforms, IoT supports the development of intelligent, responsive, and patient-focused therapeutic systems. Technologies such as smart transdermal patches, wearable biosensors, and connected medical devices now make it possible to monitor physiological parameters in real time while simultaneously controlling drug release with greater precision. This review explores the fundamental IoT framework as applied to pharmaceutical and biomedical systems, with particular attention to the key components that enable smart drug delivery. It also discusses the role of enabling technologies such as cloud-based data management, artificial intelligence, and advanced analytics, which together enhance decision-making and treatment optimization. A significant focus is placed on smart transdermal patch systems, highlighting their structural design, mechanism of action, and performance advantages when compared with conventional dosage forms, particularly in terms of sustained release and improved patient compliance. Furthermore, the review addresses important challenges that must be resolved for broader clinical adoption, including concerns related to data privacy and cybersecurity, regulatory compliance, and the long-term reliability of IoT-enabled medical devices. Overall, the discussion underscores the growing potential of IoT-driven pharmaceutical systems in advancing personalized medicine and enabling a more integrated, data-driven approach to healthcare delivery.