Thai Traditional Polyherbal Infused Oil (T-YaSP) Accelerates Diabetic Wound Healing by Modulating Inflammation and Angiogenesis

Ya-Samarn-Phlae infused oil (T-YaSP) is a traditional Thai polyherbal formulation widely used for the treatment of chronic wounds, including diabetic foot ulcers. Although its clinical efficacy has been reported, the underlying pharmacological mechanisms and the stability of its traditional oil form remain insufficiently characterized. This study aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity, wound-healing efficacy, and phytochemical stability of T-YaSP. Anti-inflammatory effects were assessed using a carrageenan-induced paw edema model, while wound healing was evaluated in non-diabetic Wistar and diabetic Goto-Kakizaki rats using a full-thickness wound model. Key biomarkers, including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1), and collagen Types I and III, were quantified. A 6-month stability study was conducted to monitor major phytochemical markers (α-mangostin, curcumin, and arecoline). T-YaSP significantly reduced inflammatory mediators like tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), inducible nitric oxide synthase, and cyclooxygenase-2 and oxidative stress markers like myeloperoxidase and malondialdehyde. Topical application accelerated wound closure in both models, achieving over 90% closure by Day 11. This effect was associated with increased VEGF and TGF-β1 expression and improved collagen remodeling. However, stability analysis revealed significant degradation of key phytochemicals over time. In conclusion, T-YaSP exhibits potent anti-inflammatory and wound-healing activities by modulating inflammatory and angiogenic pathways. However, the instability of its active constituents highlights the need for formulation optimization to ensure consistent therapeutic efficacy.