Reassessing durability testing for sustainable concrete systems: from Portland cement to novel binder technologies

Durability remains a critical challenge in achieving sustainable and resilient concrete infrastructure. As the construction sector transitions toward more environmentally friendly binders, such as binders with emerging supplementary cementitious materials, low clinker contents, alkali-activated materials and other alternative systems, the applicability of conventional durability test methods, developed primarily for concretes based on Portland cement, is increasingly questioned. Several established procedures could fail to capture the distinct transport, reaction and degradation mechanisms of these new materials, potentially leading to inconsistent or misleading performance assessments. This review critically examines current test methodologies for key deterioration processes, including chloride ingress, carbonation, sulfate attack and freeze–thaw damage, and evaluates their relevance to emerging binder chemistries. Advances in accelerated and natural exposure testing, as well as hybrid approaches integrating experimental data with modelling frameworks for service-life prediction, are discussed. Particular attention is given to the need for calibration, validation and standardisation of adapted test methods to ensure the reliability and comparability of results. By synthesising recent developments and identifying key research gaps, this paper outlines pathways toward robust, mechanism-based durability testing protocols that can bridge laboratory investigations and real-world performance, supporting the deployment of durable, concrete solutions with reduced carbon dioxide emissions.