The Latent-Heat Fraction Has a Ceiling: Maximum Transition Strength as a Function of Temperature

At 100 GeV the envelope permits alpha up to 1.19e+28, an enormous figure that excludes nothing proposed for the electroweak epoch. The envelope tightens as the fourth power of inverse temperature in relative terms: at 10^6 GeV the maximum has fallen to 1.19e+12, and the crossings occur at 3.30e+08 GeV for alpha = 100 and 1.05e+09 GeV for alpha = 1. Above the latter temperature, even a transition that converted the entire permitted energy density into latent heat could not reach alpha of order unity, because radiation at that temperature already carries a comparable share of the ceiling. Strong transitions, in the conventional sense of alpha above one, are therefore a low-temperature phenomenon under the ceiling, with a definite upper temperature at which they cease to be available at all. This study is simulated and computed from stated assumptions; it is not a measurement.

Authors

Publication Details

Journal
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Published
2026-11-11
DOI
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24145398
Primary Topic
Cosmology and Gravitation Theories
Type
article
Field-Weighted Citation Impact
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article

The Latent-Heat Fraction Has a Ceiling: Maximum Transition Strength as a Function of Temperature

William Alexander Aldred
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Cosmology and Gravitation Theories
article

The Latent-Heat Fraction Has a Ceiling: Maximum Transition Strength as a Function of Temperature

William Alexander Aldred
article en

Abstract

At 100 GeV the envelope permits alpha up to 1.19e+28, an enormous figure that excludes nothing proposed for the electroweak epoch. The envelope tightens as the fourth power of inverse temperature in relative terms: at 10^6 GeV the maximum has fallen to 1.19e+12, and the crossings occur at 3.30e+08 GeV for alpha = 100 and 1.05e+09 GeV for alpha = 1. Above the latter temperature, even a transition that converted the entire permitted energy density into latent heat could not reach alpha of order unity, because radiation at that temperature already carries a comparable share of the ceiling. Strong transitions, in the conventional sense of alpha above one, are therefore a low-temperature phenomenon under the ceiling, with a definite upper temperature at which they cease to be available at all. This study is simulated and computed from stated assumptions; it is not a measurement.

Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Cosmology and Gravitation Theories
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