Unveiling the Xenobiotic Exposome in Prosthodontics: A Systematic Review of Material Release, Microbiome Interactions, and Systemic Implications

Background: Xenobiotics are chemical substances foreign to an organism and not normally produced by or expected within its biological system. In prosthodontics, exposure may arise from synthetic, non-endogenous biomaterials used to restore oral function, facial aesthetics, and anatomical structures. These materials may release residual monomers, photo initiators, additives, corrosion-derived metal ions, degradation products, and wear-generated particles through polymerization, corrosion, degradation, dissolution, and mechanical wear, potentially affecting oral tissues and long-term biocompatibility. Methods: A systematic review of available literature was undertaken to synthesize evidence on xenobiotics associated with prosthodontic materials, focusing on their sources, release mechanisms, exposure pathways, biological interactions, and potential adverse effects. Key areas included implants, maxillofacial prostheses, digital and additively manufactured materials, material–microbiome interactions, occupational exposure, endocrine-active compounds, and wear-derived particulate matter. Emerging approaches for reducing exposure and improving material safety were also considered. Summary: Prosthodontic biomaterials can serve as sources of diverse chemical and particulate substances capable of interacting with local tissues and the broader biological environment. Advances including high-degree-conversion polymers, high-performance polymers, ceramics, and antimicrobial surface modifications aim to reduce undesirable material release while maintaining clinical performance. Artificial intelligence and machine-learning approaches are emerging as tools for predicting material behaviour and potential biological risks. Understanding xenobiotic exposure, release characteristics, and biological interactions is essential for developing, evaluating, and selecting safer prosthodontic materials.