A Temperature Ceiling for Evaporating Primordial Black Holes from the Density Bound

As a black hole evaporates, it grows hotter. The Hawking temperature rises in inverse proportion to the remaining mass, so the final stages of evaporation are, in the semiclassical treatment, a runaway towards arbitrarily high temperatures reached at arbitrarily small masses. The headline computed values are: M min g = 1.000e+13; T max K = 1.227e+13; T max MeV = 1.057e+03; T Pl K = 1.417e+32. This is a simulated and computed study, not a measurement; the code and outputs are deposited alongside the text.

Authors

Publication Details

Journal
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Published
2026-11-12
DOI
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24147707
Primary Topic
Cosmology and Gravitation Theories
Type
article
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article

A Temperature Ceiling for Evaporating Primordial Black Holes from the Density Bound

William Alexander Aldred
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Cosmology and Gravitation Theories
article

A Temperature Ceiling for Evaporating Primordial Black Holes from the Density Bound

William Alexander Aldred
article en

Abstract

As a black hole evaporates, it grows hotter. The Hawking temperature rises in inverse proportion to the remaining mass, so the final stages of evaporation are, in the semiclassical treatment, a runaway towards arbitrarily high temperatures reached at arbitrarily small masses. The headline computed values are: M min g = 1.000e+13; T max K = 1.227e+13; T max MeV = 1.057e+03; T Pl K = 1.417e+32. This is a simulated and computed study, not a measurement; the code and outputs are deposited alongside the text.

Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Cosmology and Gravitation Theories
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A Temperature Ceiling for Evaporating Primordial Black Holes from the Density Bound — William Alexander Aldred · Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) (2026) | TGRS Research Map | TGRS