Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Teaching–Learning Processes among Secondary School Students: Opportunities and Challenges

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is increasingly transforming the field of education by introducing new approaches to teaching, learning, assessment, and academic support. The integration of AI-based technologies, such as ChatGPT, intelligent tutoring systems, adaptive learning platforms, and automated assessment tools, has created new opportunities for improving educational experiences among secondary school students. These technologies can support personalized learning, provide immediate feedback, enhance student engagement, and help teachers identify individual learning needs. However, the use of AI in education also raises several concerns, including excessive dependence on technology, academic dishonesty, inaccurate information, data privacy, digital inequality, and reduced independent thinking. The present study aims to examine the impact of Artificial Intelligence on teaching–learning processes among secondary school students, with particular emphasis on its educational opportunities and associated challenges. It focuses on the potential contribution of AI to students' academic performance, learning motivation, critical thinking, problem-solving abilities, and classroom participation. The study also considers the role of teachers in promoting responsible and effective use of AI-based educational tools. A review-based research approach is proposed, drawing upon relevant academic literature, research articles, and reports published on Artificial Intelligence in education. The findings from the reviewed literature suggest that AI can serve as a valuable supplementary educational resource when appropriately integrated into teaching and learning activities. Nevertheless, its effectiveness depends on proper guidance, digital literacy, ethical awareness, teacher involvement, and equitable access to technology. The study concludes that Artificial Intelligence should complement, rather than replace, teachers and conventional educational practices. Responsible integration of AI may contribute to a more interactive, inclusive, and student-centred learning environment in secondary education.