Fundamental Principles of Praxeology: A Comparative Framework Based on Time Cost

This paper develops a comparative framework of praxeology based on time cost. It treats time as a common measure for understanding value, price, exchange, cooperation, and transaction costs, and seeks to connect subjective evaluation with objective constraints in economic analysis. The paper integrates and extends the author's earlier working papers on time cost, transaction time, cooperation, and the relationship between value and utility. This version is posted as an author's working paper to establish a stable, citable record and may be revised in future versions.