Neutron-Proton Freeze-Out Under a Reduced Expansion Rate: The Shift in Temperature and Neutron Fraction

Every light-element abundance descends from one event: the moment the weak reactions converting neutrons and protons into each other became too slow to keep pace with expansion. The shift is systematic and grows as the bounce approaches: a bounce temperature of 1.2 MeV moves freeze-out to 0.739 MeV, a change of -7.6 percent from the standard 0.80 MeV, and the neutron fraction falls from 0.199 to 0.1738; at 3 MeV the freeze-out temperature is 0.791 MeV. Because helium, deuterium and lithium all inherit this number, the freeze-out shift is the single channel through which most bounce effects on abundances flow, and tabulating it separately makes the later abundance calculations auditable. Computed from stated assumptions, not measured.

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Publication Details

Journal
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Published
2026-11-11
DOI
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24125942
Primary Topic
Nuclear physics research studies
Type
article
Field-Weighted Citation Impact
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article

Neutron-Proton Freeze-Out Under a Reduced Expansion Rate: The Shift in Temperature and Neutron Fraction

William Alexander Aldred
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Nuclear physics research studies
article

Neutron-Proton Freeze-Out Under a Reduced Expansion Rate: The Shift in Temperature and Neutron Fraction

William Alexander Aldred
article en

Abstract

Every light-element abundance descends from one event: the moment the weak reactions converting neutrons and protons into each other became too slow to keep pace with expansion. The shift is systematic and grows as the bounce approaches: a bounce temperature of 1.2 MeV moves freeze-out to 0.739 MeV, a change of -7.6 percent from the standard 0.80 MeV, and the neutron fraction falls from 0.199 to 0.1738; at 3 MeV the freeze-out temperature is 0.791 MeV. Because helium, deuterium and lithium all inherit this number, the freeze-out shift is the single channel through which most bounce effects on abundances flow, and tabulating it separately makes the later abundance calculations auditable. Computed from stated assumptions, not measured.

Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Nuclear physics research studies
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