Waste Bank Funding Networks for Circular Economy in Badung Regency: A Social Network Analysis

This study examines the structure of the waste bank funding network supporting circular economy development in Badung Regency, Indonesia. Primary data were obtained through semi-structured interviews, a focus group discussion conducted in 2026, and field observations involving stakeholders engaged in waste bank activities. Social Network Analysis (SNA) was applied to a directed adjacency matrix to assess actor positions using in-degree, out-degree, betweenness centrality, Influence Range Closeness Centrality, and eigenvector centrality, complemented by Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA). The findings indicate that the Central Waste Bank occupies the most prominent structural position in the funding network, particularly through its extensive outgoing connections and intermediary role. Waste Bank Units, collectors, community groups, and other supporting actors perform complementary functions in facilitating the circulation of economic resources, whereas recycling industry actors exhibit a relatively peripheral network position. By shifting the analytical focus from communication and stakeholder coordination, which dominate much of the existing waste bank literature, to the directed structure of funding and economic-resource relationships, this study offers a distinct perspective on the institutional foundations of waste bank sustainability. The findings further suggest that institutional centrality can facilitate coordination and resource distribution but may also increase network vulnerability when alternative funding channels and market connections are limited. Accordingly, diversifying funding sources, strengthening market linkages, and improving coordination among waste bank stakeholders are essential to fostering a more resilient and inclusive circular economy system in Badung Regency.