Cubicost's Implementation Strategy in Construction Services Companies in Bali

Five-dimensional Building Information Modeling (5D BIM) software, such as Cubicost, can improve the speed and accuracy of quantity takeoff and cost estimation; however, its adoption among construction companies in Bali remains limited. This study aimed to identify and prioritize the driving and restraining factors influencing Cubicost implementation in medium-sized and large construction companies in Bali and to formulate appropriate implementation strategies. A mixed-methods research design with a predominantly descriptive quantitative approach was employed. A total of 25 factors, comprising 10 driving factors and 15 restraining factors identified through a literature review and preliminary interviews, were evaluated using a questionnaire with established validity and reliability. Data were collected from 72 practitioners selected through purposive sampling, and the factors were ranked using the Relative Importance Index (RII). The five highest-ranked factors in each category were subsequently assessed by five key informants using Force Field Analysis (FFA). All driving factors were classified as important to very important (RII = 0.794–0.836), with perceived ease of use and ease of updating quantity takeoffs receiving the highest rankings. Meanwhile, all restraining factors were classified as important (RII = 0.633–0.758), with a shortage of qualified professionals and insufficient management support emerging as the most prominent barriers. The FFA results indicated that the total strength of restraining forces (22.00) slightly exceeded that of driving forces (21.00), suggesting that barriers to implementation marginally outweighed facilitating factors. Based on these findings, four phased implementation strategies were proposed: enhancing human resource competencies, strengthening management commitment and standard operating procedure (SOP)-based governance, improving standardization and digital integration, and optimizing Cubicost utilization.