Influence of Oxide Nanoparticles on Mechanical Performance and Freeze - Thaw Resistance of Rigid Pavement

Globally, rigid concrete pavements suffer premature deterioration when repeated traffic is combined with moisture and temperature fluctuations, as capillary water ingress and freeze-thaw cycles cause internal microcracking, loss of stiffness and a reduction in the modulus of elasticity. In Peru, this problem is critical in high Andean areas, where sub-zero temperatures and high humidity accelerate internal damage and increase road maintenance costs. The research comparatively evaluated the effect of nano-SiO₂, nano-TiO₂ and nano-ZnO as concrete admixtures for rigid pavement with a design strength of f’c = 280 kg/cm², analysing workability, mechanical strength and durability. Dosages of 1–5% for nano-SiO₂, 0.5–2.5% for nano-TiO₂ and 0.3–0.7% for nano-ZnO were studied, relative to the cement mass. In the fresh state, slump and temperature were assessed; in the hardened state, compressive and flexural strength were assessed. Durability was assessed by freeze-thaw testing in accordance with ASTM C666, using the dynamic modulus of elasticity as an indicator of damage, and by sorptivity in accordance with ASTM C1585. The results showed significant improvements compared to the standard mix, with the response depending on the type and dosage. Nano-SiO₂ exhibited the best overall performance, with an optimal dosage of 3%, increases of 27.65% in compression and 36.89% in flexural strength, an RDME of 92.58% and a reduction in both initial and secondary sorptivity. Nano-TiO₂ was optimal at 2%, and nano-ZnO at 0.6%, with more moderate improvements. The study provides evidence for the design of durable, rigid pavements.