Blockchain-Assisted Mission Trust in Air–Surface–Underwater Unmanned Systems: A Review and Conceptual Framework

Air–surface–underwater missions combine heterogeneous vehicles, intermittent links, and administrative domains. A reliable decision must connect physical observations, protected records, shared authority, and fitness for use. This structured narrative review applies the Object–Assurance–Lifecycle (OAL) framework to 39 full-text mechanism studies through 89 scoped claim records. Comparative synthesis distinguishes sender authentication from observation validity, platform integrity from task suitability, and replicated-state recovery from mission-data invalidation. Domain-stratified and sensitivity analyses expose the effects of inclusion and coding choices on the coverage map. The dependency graph identifies products affected by changed inputs or authority, and the context–temporal–graph loop organizes their reassessment. A partition–revocation–reconciliation case specifies coalition roles, a Fabric-oriented application pattern, constrained verification, and an acoustic-link payload budget. A synthetic event replay verifies signatures, inclusion proofs, and temporal and authorization rules. Under matched rules, a policy-validating witnessed log yields the same decisions. Ledger value is therefore conditional on joint-governance requirements and implementation cost. Mission fault and communication requirements guide consensus selection; proposed tests compare decision quality and recovery under matched conditions. The synthesis connects mechanism evidence to explicit composition requirements for cross-domain mission decisions.