Ecological and Epidemiological Consequences of Antibiotic Resistance: Current Challenges in Modern Microbiology

This thesis examines antimicrobial resistance in microorganisms as one of the most pressing challenges in modern microbiology and medicine. It highlights the intrinsic and acquired forms of antibiotic resistance, genetic mutations, natural selection, horizontal gene transfer, and the biological significance of antibiotic-inactivating enzymes, changes in cell membranes, efflux systems, and biofilm formation