DEVELOPMENT OF AN AUTONOMOUS RASPBERRY PI–ESP32 SMART HOME CONTROL SYSTEM

The rapid development of the Internet of Things (IoT), automation technologies, and intelligent control systems has increased the demand for autonomous smart home solutions. Most commercial platforms rely on cloud services, provide limited interoperability, insufficient local autonomy, and relatively high implementation costs. Recent studies therefore emphasize decentralized architectures, local data processing, and open hardware–software platforms to improve reliability, security, and energy efficiency. The aim of this study is to develop and evaluate an autonomous smart home control system based on a Raspberry Pi 4 and ESP32 microcontrollers. The proposed architecture combines centralized control with distributed ESP32 nodes communicating via the MQTT protocol. The system includes a Flask-based API server, a local SQLite database, and a web interface supporting automated lighting, climate control, ventilation, motorized curtains, and fire detection. Experimental validation demonstrated an average sensor response time of 0.48 s, MQTT latency below 37 ms, and a 98.6% success rate for automated scenarios. Automated control reduced lighting operating time by 24% and electricity consumption by approximately 17%. The proposed system provides an effective autonomous alternative to cloud-based solutions and offers significant potential for Smart Home and Smart City applications.