A numerical approach of reactive MHD casson ternary hybrid nanofluid flow over an extended surface with activation energy

The increasing demand for innovative heat and mass transfer technologies in thermal management, energy systems, and permeable transport applications has motivated growing interest in Ternary hybrid nanofluid. Although previous studies have investigated MHD non-Newtonian nanofluids, THNFs, and porous-medium transport, the combined effects of Casson rheology, ternary hybrids nanoparticles, Darcy–Forchheimer resistance, slip conditions, thermal radiation, variable thermal conductivity, heat generation, activation energy, and chemical reaction have received limited attention. This study therefore investigates the steady 2-dimensional MHD flow and coupled heat and mass transfer of a Casson THNF over a permeable stretching surface, providing an integrated framework for examining the collective effect of these physical machines. Similarities transformation is applied to reduce the governing PDEs to a nonlinear system of odes, which is disentangled numerically using the MATLAB bvp4cC scheme. The results show that the magnetic parameter, Darcy resistance, and Forchheimer parameter suppress the velocity field, whereas the Casson and velocity-slip parameters enhance the wall shear response. Thermal radiation, heat generation, and variable thermal conductivity increase the temperature distribution, while thermal slip reduces it. The concentration profile declines with growing Schmidt number, activation-energy parameter, and chemical-reaction parameter. The skin-friction coefficient, Nusselt number, and Sherwood number are also significantly influenced by the governing parameters, particularly by magnetic and permeable-medium effects. The numerical results are validated against established benchmark solutions, demonstrating good agreement. The findings afford new intuition into the coupled hydrodynamic, thermal, and mass-transfer behavior of Casson THNFs in permeable stretching-surface systems, with potential relevance to innovative thermal-management and transport applications.