Total Entropy Budget of the Observable Universe Before and After a Density-Limited Bounce

Black holes dominate the contents budget by many orders of magnitude, while photons and neutrinos, which dominate textbook discussions of cosmic entropy, are a minor share. The horizon bound sits far above even the black-hole total, so the present contents are nowhere near the maximum the geometry allows. Across an adiabatic bounce the contents total changes only at the few-percent level set by particle creation, so the budget after the bounce is recognisably the budget before it. The computation is performed from stated assumptions in a density-limited bounce, in which the neutron-branch limit density sets a maximum density, a finite bounce temperature, and a minimum horizon size. Headline values from the deposited calculation are: S_photons_kB = 5.28e+89; S_neutrinos_kB = 3.59e+89; S_blackholes_kB = 1.05e+99; S_horizon_kB = 2.33e+123; S_total_matter_kB = 1.05e+99; S_total_after_kB = 1.10e+99; fraction_BH = 1. The study is simulated and computed, not measured, and its conclusions are stated at the precision the stated assumptions support.

Authors

Publication Details

Journal
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Published
2026-11-11
DOI
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24129433
Primary Topic
Cosmology and Gravitation Theories
Type
article
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article

Total Entropy Budget of the Observable Universe Before and After a Density-Limited Bounce

William Alexander Aldred
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Cosmology and Gravitation Theories
article

Total Entropy Budget of the Observable Universe Before and After a Density-Limited Bounce

William Alexander Aldred
article en

Abstract

Black holes dominate the contents budget by many orders of magnitude, while photons and neutrinos, which dominate textbook discussions of cosmic entropy, are a minor share. The horizon bound sits far above even the black-hole total, so the present contents are nowhere near the maximum the geometry allows. Across an adiabatic bounce the contents total changes only at the few-percent level set by particle creation, so the budget after the bounce is recognisably the budget before it. The computation is performed from stated assumptions in a density-limited bounce, in which the neutron-branch limit density sets a maximum density, a finite bounce temperature, and a minimum horizon size. Headline values from the deposited calculation are: S_photons_kB = 5.28e+89; S_neutrinos_kB = 3.59e+89; S_blackholes_kB = 1.05e+99; S_horizon_kB = 2.33e+123; S_total_matter_kB = 1.05e+99; S_total_after_kB = 1.10e+99; fraction_BH = 1. The study is simulated and computed, not measured, and its conclusions are stated at the precision the stated assumptions support.

Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Cosmology and Gravitation Theories
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Total Entropy Budget of the Observable Universe Before and After a Density-Limited Bounce — William Alexander Aldred · Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) (2026) | TGRS Research Map | TGRS