Total Entropy Budget of the Observable Universe Before and After a Density-Limited Bounce
Black holes dominate the contents budget by many orders of magnitude, while photons and neutrinos, which dominate textbook discussions of cosmic entropy, are a minor share. The horizon bound sits far above even the black-hole total, so the present contents are nowhere near the maximum the geometry allows. Across an adiabatic bounce the contents total changes only at the few-percent level set by particle creation, so the budget after the bounce is recognisably the budget before it. The computation is performed from stated assumptions in a density-limited bounce, in which the neutron-branch limit density sets a maximum density, a finite bounce temperature, and a minimum horizon size. Headline values from the deposited calculation are: S_photons_kB = 5.28e+89; S_neutrinos_kB = 3.59e+89; S_blackholes_kB = 1.05e+99; S_horizon_kB = 2.33e+123; S_total_matter_kB = 1.05e+99; S_total_after_kB = 1.10e+99; fraction_BH = 1. The study is simulated and computed, not measured, and its conclusions are stated at the precision the stated assumptions support.
Authors
- William Alexander Aldred (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0000-1215-577X)
Publication Details
- Journal
- Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
- Published
- 2026-11-11
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24129433
- Primary Topic
- Cosmology and Gravitation Theories
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 0.00