THE PLACE OF THE MANISA GREAT MOSQUE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF ANATOLIAN MOSQUE ARCHITECTURE AND AN INVESTIGATION OF THE ARCHITECTURAL STRATIFICATION IN THE STRUCTURE

The Manisa Great Mosque occupies a significant place in the development of Anatolian mosque architecture through its multi-support plan scheme, domed bay before the mihrab, and courtyard arrangement. Together with the adjacent madrasa and tomb, the complex reflects the architectural characteristics of the Seljuk and Principalities periods and represents one of the most important architectural ensembles of fourteenth-century western Anatolia. While the mosque has frequently been studied in terms of its architectural significance, the origins and developmental phases of the complex have not been sufficiently investigated. This study examines the architectural evolution of the Manisa Great Mosque Complex by focusing on its superposed architectural layers and construction phases. The research is based on the analysis of plan typology, spatial organization, construction techniques, masonry characteristics, wall thicknesses, and reused architectural elements. Particular attention is given to the madrasa, where significant differences in wall thicknesses, masonry techniques, and spatial dimensions indicate the coexistence of two distinct structural phases. Semi-circular Byzantine arches on the western and northern facades of the madrasa courtyard, together with the arched column arrangement on the northern facade, suggest the incorporation of remains belonging to an earlier Byzantine-period structure. Smaller Byzantine spaces and larger Beylik-period additions continue to coexist within the same architectural framework. The extensive use of spolia materials, including columns, column capitals, and stone blocks, further supports the interpretation that the complex may have been constructed on the remains of a pre-existing structure. In addition, the proximity of the complex to the outer fortification walls of Manisa Castle strengthens the possibility of an earlier occupation phase in the area. The findings reveal a multilayered architectural composition shaped by successive cultural and construction periods. By identifying and evaluating these architectural layers, the study contributes to a better understanding of the historical development of the complex and provides a broader perspective for future conservation and restoration practices.