Who sees the sea? Sea-view potential by façade and floor from cadastral LoD1 models on the Costa del Sol

Working paper, version r120 of 10 November 2026, by Gabriel Rojo (CASAS.ES).An open-data method that estimates the sea-view potential of every free façade of every residential building at three floors, from cadastral footprints with floor counts and the national terrain model of Spain. Run for 158,060 buildings of 21 municipalities of the Costa del Sol in under an hour on two cores, it finds that 52 % of buildings see some sea from their top floor and 36 % have an open view (20° or more). It is checked against a LiDAR surface (96.7 % of viewpoints in the same class at 20°) and against the photographs of 93 homes for sale (AUC 0.80).The article, with its figures and how to cite it: https://casas.es/en/research/who-sees-the-sea Data and code (CC BY 4.0 and MIT): https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24106387 Figures by municipality on CASAS.ES, for the three largest towns of the study: Málaga https://casas.es/malaga/malaga/ · Marbella https://casas.es/malaga/marbella/ · Estepona https://casas.es/malaga/estepona/