A Slope-Failure Witness Network for Informal Hillside Settlements: Node Design and a Computed Warning Budget

Design and computed warning budget for a low-cost slope-failure witness network for informal hillside settlements: tilt and soil-moisture nodes at 0.30 m probe depth, three alert tiers (watch, warning, alarm), lead times versus rainfall intensity (5-80 mm/h) and slip-plane depth (1.0-1.8 m), detection thresholds, false-alarm behaviour, node spacing from a stated creep model, battery life and parts cost. SIMULATED, NOT MEASURED: a design and computation study; no hardware was built, deployed or tested, and the computed warning figures are not a life-safety certification.