Effect of Forest Degradation on the Livelihoods and Biodiversity in Boki Local Government Area of Cross River State, Nigeria

This study examined the effects of forest degradation on livelihoods and biodiversity in Boki Local Government Area of Cross River State, Nigeria. The study focused on the use of forest resources by local residents, the contribution of these resources to household livelihoods, and the environmental changes associated with forest degradation. A descriptive survey design was adopted, and data were collected from 300 respondents using structured questionnaires. The collected data were analysed using descriptive statistics and the chi-square test to examine the relationship between forest degradation and livelihoods. The findings revealed that forest resources were important to residents’ daily needs and sources of income. Fruits were the most commonly reported forest product, accounting for 89 respondents (29.7%), followed by vegetables and timber, each reported by 81 respondents (27.0%). The income findings also showed that forest resources contributed to household earnings, with 31% of respondents earning between ₦41,000 and ₦60,000 monthly from forest-related activities. The chi-square result indicated a statistically significant relationship between forest degradation and livelihoods (χ² = 209.436, df = 30, p < 0.001). Regarding environmental changes, 268 respondents (89.6%) rated biodiversity loss as high, while changes in rainfall patterns, reduced soil fertility, drying of streams and rivers, and land degradation were also reported. The study concluded that forest degradation is an important environmental and socioeconomic concern in Boki Local Government Area because local livelihoods depend partly on forest resources, while biodiversity and other environmental conditions are affected by forest loss. The study recommends stronger forest protection, tree planting and restoration of degraded areas, promotion of alternative livelihood activities, and greater participation of local communities in forest conservation. Sustainable harvesting practices and continued monitoring of forest conditions are also necessary to protect biodiversity and support the long-term livelihoods of residents.