A Review on Recent Advances 13 C NMR Spectroscopy

The growing emphasis on the efficient conversion and utilization of biomass has increased the need for a comprehensive understanding of its chemical composition, particularly the intricate architecture of lignin. The structural complexity and heterogeneity of lignin have traditionally posed significant challenges to biomass processing and biorefinery applications. Several conventional chemical approaches, including thioacidolysis (TA), nitrobenzene oxidation (NBO), and derivatization followed by reductive cleavage (DFRC), have been developed to investigate the structural characteristics of lignin. With the rapid advancement nuclear magnetic resonance analytical technique spectroscopy, solution-state NMR Has established itself as a valuable and versatile method for elucidating lignin structure. It Facilitates the recognition of different lignin substructures and linkages while also Delivering valuable quantitative insights into their abundance and transformation. In recent years, two-dimensional solution-state NMR techniques have further improved the detailed characterization of lignin in both isolated samples and intact plant cell walls. This review focuses on these recent NMR developments and their applications in investigating the structural properties of lignin.