THE EFFECT OF HOUSING DENSITY AND FAMILY SOCIAL SUPPORT ON DETAINEES' RULE COMPLIANCE AT SURABAYA CLASS I DETENTION CENTER

Surabaya Class I Detention Center held 2,688 residents against an official capacity of 1,016 (an occupancy rate of 264.6%), indicating severe overcrowding that may affect detainees' living conditions and institutional compliance. This study examines the effects of residential overcrowding and family social support on detainees' compliance with institutional regulations, both partially and simultaneously. A quantitative cross-sectional survey was conducted involving 328 detainees, selected from a population of 1,796 using the Slovin formula with a 5% margin of error and proportionate stratified random sampling. Data were collected using a five-point Likert-scale questionnaire and analyzed through multiple linear regression in SPSS version 27. The instruments demonstrated good reliability, with Cronbach's alpha values of 0.927, 0.971, and 0.966 for residential overcrowding, family social support, and compliance, respectively. Residential overcrowding had no statistically significant effect on compliance (t = −0.552; p = 0.581), whereas family social support had a positive and statistically significant effect (t = 10.563; p < 0.001). Both variables simultaneously explained 25.6% of the variance in compliance (F = 56.036; p < 0.001), with effective contributions of 0.09% and 25.55%, respectively. Institutional records additionally showed that violation rates were lower among detainees receiving regular family visits (10.5%) than among those who had never received visits (30.7%). This descriptive pattern provides institutional context for the statistical findings but does not establish a causal relationship. The findings are specific to the institutional conditions of Class I Surabaya Detention Center and should be generalized to other detention facilities with caution.