RENEWABLE ENERGY INTEGRATION AND ENERGY SECURITY IN SOUTHEASTERN NIGERIA: CHALLENGES, OPPORTUNITIES, AND STRATEGIC PATHWAYS

Southeastern Nigeria faces ongoing energy insecurity despite having abundant renewable energy resources. This study examines how solar, small-scale hydro, and biomass can enhance energy security in the region. We used a mixed-method approach, collecting primary data from 200 households and secondary data from the Nigerian Electricity Regulatory Commission (NERC) and the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA). We evaluated current energy access, renewable energy adoption rates, and grid reliability.The results indicate that 78% of households experience daily blackouts, and only 12% have access to off-grid renewable energy solutions. The region's solar irradiation averages 5.2 kWh/m²/day, and there is over 200 MW of untapped small-hydro potential. However, barriers include high upfront costs, with 65% of respondents noting this issue, a lack of technical skills at 58%, and policy inconsistency impacting 72% of respondents.A comparison of renewable energy projects in Enugu, Anambra, and Imo states shows that decentralized solar mini-grids can reduce outage frequency by 82%. The study concludes that adopting renewable energy can lessen reliance on fossil fuel generators, improve rural electrification, and decrease carbon emissions. We recommend establishing state-level renewable energy targets, providing tax incentives for off-grid systems, and introducing vocational training programs. This research offers valuable data for policymakers and investors interested in Nigeria's Energy Transition Plan.