Role of vitamins and minerals in dairy cattle health and production

Vitamins and minerals are essential nutrients that play a significant role in maintaining the health, immunity, reproductive efficiency and productive performance of dairy cattle. Vitamins A, D and E support immune function, bone health, antioxidant defence and fertility, while B-complex vitamins contribute to energy metabolism and cellular activities. Vitamin C also plays an important role in antioxidant protection, particularly during periods of physiological and environmental stress. Minerals such as calcium and phosphorus are necessary for bone formation, whereas magnesium supports muscular, nervous and enzymatic functions. Trace minerals, including selenium, copper, zinc and manganese, contribute to antioxidant defence, immune responses, reproductive performance and metabolic processes. Deficiencies or imbalances of these nutrients can lead to infertility, delayed oestrus, retained placenta, metabolic disorders and reduced milk production. Supplementation through balanced rations, mineral mixtures, concentrates and other suitable sources should be planned according to the nutritional requirements and physiological stage of the animal. Proper vitamin and mineral management is therefore essential for maintaining healthy, productive and reproductively efficient dairy herds.