Research Progress on Multimodal Physiological Sensing and System Integration of Flexible Bioelectronic Devices

Flexible bioelectronic devices provide mechanically compliant interfaces for acquiring, processing, and modulating physiological information across skin, organ, and neural systems. Their development has moved from single-parameter wearable sensors toward integrated platforms that combine electrophysiological, mechanical, thermal, and biochemical measurements with wireless communication, soft power modules, and algorithm-assisted interpretation. This review summarizes recent progress in the material basis, interface construction, multimodal sensing mechanisms, and system-level integration of flexible bioelectronics. Emphasis is placed on conductive hydrogels, elastomeric composites, liquid metals, laser-induced graphene, organic electrochemical transistors, porous soft structures, and adhesive interfaces that support low-impedance coupling, strain tolerance, and long-term operation. The review further discusses device designs for electrocardiography, electromyography, electroencephalography, pressure, strain, temperature, sweat metabolites, electrolytes, and inflammatory biomarkers, followed by integration strategies for crosstalk control, energy supply, wireless data transfer, intelligent analysis, and closed-loop feedback. It is demonstrated by current evidence that clinically oriented flexible bioelectronics require coordinated optimization of biointerface mechanics, signal fidelity, biochemical selectivity, manufacturing reproducibility, and data reliability. Future research is anticipated to focus on standardized validation, durable encapsulation, patient-specific algorithms, and therapeutic systems capable of linking continuous sensing with adaptive intervention.