Saproxylic ecological habitats (SaproHabs) in European temperate and Mediterranean forests: a new framework for assessing biodiversity

Abstract Key message Saproxylic biodiversity is a fundamental component of forest ecosystems that remains poorly integrated into operational forest management. We introduce a novel hierarchical classification of saproxylic ecological habitats (SaproHabs) that complements existing tree-related microhabitats frameworks by explicitly linking habitat features to the ecological requirements of saproxylic beetles. By identifying 22 functional forms and 34 SaproHab types through field-observable diagnostic features, the framework provides a standardised, field-oriented tool for assessing and recording habitat features relevant to saproxylic beetles. The SaproHab framework supports biodiversity-oriented forest management in line with the EU Forest Strategy for 2030 and the Nature Restoration Law. Integrating the framework into forest monitoring and planning could strengthen conservation outcomes in European temperate and Mediterranean forests, while remaining compatible with sustainable timber-production objectives.