A Comprehensive Review of Braided Structures: Evolution, Structural Mechanics, Applications, and Market Trends

Purpose: This review provides a comprehensive understanding of braided structures by examining their historical evolution, geometric characteristics, braiding methodologies, structural mechanics, material selection, industrial applications, and global market trends. It also compares braiding with other conventional fabric formation techniques to highlight its structural and functional advantages. Methodology/Design: A comprehensive review of literature available in print media, historical documents, technical reports, and industrial information was conducted. Sources from textile engineering, materials science, medical textiles, composite materials technology, etc., were critically examined to arrive at a synthesised body of knowledge on aspects such as braid geometry, mechanics of braiding processes, fibres used in braiding, behaviour of braiding materials, etc. Findings: Braided materials show good mechanical properties, continuity of fibres, conformability, and fatigue resistance when compared to other textile materials. Recent developments in braiding technology, such as CNC and 3D braiding machines, allow the creation of complex near-net-shape products for use in the aerospace, automotive, civil, and biomedical industries. Market research has shown that the demand for braided composite materials and braiding machines continues to increase owing to the growing need for technical textiles. Practical and Social Implications: A clear and precise knowledge of the geometry and parameters of braids and the variables of the braiding process can help engineers and makers design braiding systems that can be tailored to suit specific functional requirements. A knowledge of the contemporary machinery and the market can also be helpful in making decisions about investments and product development. Originality: This review uniquely integrates the historical foundations, structural science, technological advancements, application spectrum, and market perspectives of braiding within a single framework. By bridging classical textile principles with modern digital manufacturing and composite innovations, the study establishes braiding as a strategically important and future-oriented textile technology for high-performance engineering applications.