Formy przemocy seksualnej przed Międzynarodowym Trybunałem Karnym

FORMS OF SEXUAL VIOLENCE AT THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT: FROM ELEMENTS OF CRIMES TO DOMINIC ONGWEN CASE During last years, the ICC’s practice has showed constant progress with regard to the conflict-related sexual violence. Although the overall record of ICC in prosecuting the sexual crimes has been moderate, the cases Bosco Ntaganda and Dominic Ongwen depicted the implementation of the Rome Statute potential in ensuring accountability for sexual crimes. Based on an analysis of the Elements of Crimes and practice of cases at the International Criminal Court, the article presents various forms of sexual violence in armed conflicts. Underlying of the article is a view that new forms of sexual violence are identified through a pro­cess of autonomisation. It means that forms like sexual slavery or forced mar­riages become independent of other, more general international crimes. Last but not least, the evolution and understanding of sexual crimes since the ICTY and ICTR is presented. In the context of the goals of the article, special attention is given to Ongwen case, which was closed in December 2022.