The mode of classical and free Brownian motion at large time

Let $\mu$ be a probability measure on $\mathbb{R}$ with $\int e^{\varepsilon x^2}\,d\mu(x)<\infty$ for some $\varepsilon>0$. Hasebe and Ueda proved that $\mu*N(0,t)$ is unimodal for large $t$ and asked where its mode is, and the same question for free Brownian motion $\mu\boxplus S(0,t)$. We show that for large $t$ both densities have a unique global maximum, that both maxima converge to the mean $m$ of $\mu$ at rate $1/t$ with explicit constants depending only on $\varepsilon$ and $\int e^{\varepsilon x^2}\,d\mu$, and that \[ M_c(t)=m-\frac{\mu_3}{2t}+O(t^{-2}),\qquad M_f(t)=m-\frac{3\mu_3}{t}+O(t^{-2}), \] where $\mu_3$ is the third central moment; second-order terms are also computed. In the free case uniqueness of the global maximum needs only a finite variance.

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Publication Details

Journal
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Published
2026-11-08
DOI
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24064373
Primary Topic
Random Matrices and Applications
Type
preprint
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The mode of classical and free Brownian motion at large time

Yitzchak Shmalo
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Random Matrices and Applications
preprint

The mode of classical and free Brownian motion at large time

Yitzchak Shmalo
preprint en

Abstract

Let $\mu$ be a probability measure on $\mathbb{R}$ with $\int e^{\varepsilon x^2}\,d\mu(x)<\infty$ for some $\varepsilon>0$. Hasebe and Ueda proved that $\mu*N(0,t)$ is unimodal for large $t$ and asked where its mode is, and the same question for free Brownian motion $\mu\boxplus S(0,t)$. We show that for large $t$ both densities have a unique global maximum, that both maxima converge to the mean $m$ of $\mu$ at rate $1/t$ with explicit constants depending only on $\varepsilon$ and $\int e^{\varepsilon x^2}\,d\mu$, and that \[ M_c(t)=m-\frac{\mu_3}{2t}+O(t^{-2}),\qquad M_f(t)=m-\frac{3\mu_3}{t}+O(t^{-2}), \] where $\mu_3$ is the third central moment; second-order terms are also computed. In the free case uniqueness of the global maximum needs only a finite variance.

Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Hebrew University of Jerusalem (IL)
Random Matrices and Applications
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