Magnetic microrobots for precision medicine: From locomotion mechanisms and advanced materials to clinical translation

Abstract As minimally invasive surgery (MIS) ventures into increasingly confined and delicate anatomical regions, conventional tethered instruments encounter inherent limitations in miniaturization and maneuverability. Untethered magnetic microrobots, characterized by precise navigation, deep tissue penetration, and highly efficient propulsion in low‐Reynolds‐number fluids, have emerged as a transformative platform for targeted diagnostics and therapeutics with sub‐millimeter accuracy. This review systematically examines the state‐of‐the‐art breakthroughs and the clinical translation landscape of magnetic microrobotic systems. Specifically, we first categorize and analyze four distinct propulsion modalities—translation, swimming, tumbling, and jumping—alongside their adaptive strategies for navigating unstructured physiological environments. Subsequently, the core technological framework is detailed, encompassing material selection (ranging from functional to bio‐integrated materials) and cross‐scale fabrication techniques such as two‐photon polymerization and microfluidics. Finally, the discussion underscores recent milestones in vascular interventions, gastrointestinal diagnostics, and oncology, while exploring emerging frontiers such as ophthalmic surgery and tissue engineering.