Stationary and Mobile Storage for Base Stations: Joint Reserve and Energy Management

Abstract Base-station backup batteries are kept at high state of charge to support communication during grid outages, restricting their use for electricity-price arbitrage during normal operation. This study examines whether connected electric vehicles (EVs) can provide temporary backup reserve and release stationary storage for economic dispatch. A degradation-aware framework accounts for EV energy, discharge power, departure times, and owner compensation, while a causal outage controller prioritizes served traffic without knowing grid-restoration time or future EV arrivals. Paired comparisons separate EV backup, reserve release, and direct EV dispatch. For one annual load and fleet scenario with a 10\,kWh stationary battery and 2024 prices, joint dispatch reduces total normal-operation cost by 2.91% in Italy and 8.36% in the Netherlands relative to stationary standby. Almost all savings arise from reserve-enabled stationary dispatch. In sampled 24\,h outages, mean retained traffic increases from 23.12% to approximately 84.5%; receding-horizon control also gains about 26 percentage points over one-step control with identical initial resources and information. Reduced calendar aging is offset by additional cycling. These results assume existing compatible bidirectional infrastructure and do not establish new-installation payback or adequate owner incentives.