From driving (L0) to living (L5): Intergenerational car comfort concept by Etic-emic theory

This study explores intergenerational vehicle comfort using the Etic-Emic framework, translating a psychological concept into automotive guidelines. A scoping review identified 34 parameters, and trend analysis of 1789 Scopus articles (1953–2025) tracing comfort across vehicle generations. Expert interviews with 15 specialists classified them as Etic (relevant to L0 and L5) or Emic (emerging specifically in L5), suggesting additional factors. Group brainstorming refined classifications, yielding 44 parameters, including factors such as brand identity and cargo space. Safety, vibration control, and fuel efficiency were stable Etic parameters, whereas non-driving tasks, confidence to sleep or fully recline, legal liability transparency, and cybersecurity were Emic. The novel “Intergenerational Car Comfort” concept provides OEMs an actionable decision tool: its Etic-Emic matrix guides trade-offs, including safety constraints versus expectations to recline and sleep. Ultimately, it identifies legacy architectures to retain or those requiring new interior packaging and HMI solutions, providing a roadmap for next-generation automated vehicles.