Innovative Augmented Reality for Chemical Bonding (ARCHEB): Development and Validation of an Android Application

Chemical bonding is an abstract concept that requires visual representations to help students understand the structure and formation of bonds at the microscopic level. Augmented reality delivered through Android devices offers opportunities to present these concepts interactively. This study aimed to develop the Android-based learning media Augmented Reality of Chemical Bonding (ARCHEB) and evaluate its validity and practicality for teaching chemical bonding. The study employed the analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation model, focusing on needs analysis, design, development, expert validation, and a practicality trial. The study was conducted at SMA Negeri 3 Merauke, Indonesia, involving two chemistry teachers as respondents in the practicality trial. Data were collected through observations, interviews, expert validation sheets, and teacher response questionnaires, then analyzed descriptively using validity and practicality percentages. The validation results showed scores of 91.0% for content, 86.7% for media, and 91.3% for the questionnaire instrument, all classified as highly valid. The practicality trial yielded a score of 95.8% based on teacher responses, classified as highly practical. These findings indicate that ARCHEB is a promising alternative learning resource for visualizing chemical bonding concepts and supporting technology-enhanced chemistry instruction.