Current understanding of salivary gland disorders and related factors in Saudi Arabia: epidemiology, risk factors, clinical features, and future perspectives

Salivary gland (SG) disorders comprise a diverse group of conditions that impair SG structure and function, leading to SG hypofunction, hyposalivation, xerostomia, and reduced quality of life. This narrative review summarizes current understanding of common SG disorders and the factors associated with SG dysfunction, with particular emphasis on evidence from Saudi Arabia. Relevant Saudi studies were identified through a comprehensive literature search to provide an overview of the available evidence. The Saudi literature is predominantly composed of retrospective and cross-sectional studies, case series, and case reports, with limited research on molecular mechanisms and salivary function. It is also characterized by considerable methodological heterogeneity and a paucity of nationwide epidemiological data. These studies offer valuable insights into the epidemiology, clinical characteristics, diagnosis, treatment, and risk factors of SG disorders. However, they remain insufficient to determine the true national burden and distribution of these conditions. In addition, the available Saudi evidence is largely focused on SG tumors and Sjögren’s syndrome, whereas data on other factors associated with SG dysfunction, including diabetes mellitus, smoking, obesity, aging, xerogenic medications, and head and neck radiotherapy, are limited or absent. Future research should prioritize large-scale, multicenter epidemiological studies, the establishment of national disease registries, standardized diagnostic criteria, and longitudinal investigations to improve disease surveillance, facilitate early diagnosis, and support evidence-based prevention and management strategies in Saudi Arabia. This review provides a foundation for addressing current knowledge gaps and guiding future research, policy development, and clinical practice in Saudi Arabia.