Understanding the Etiological Pathways of ADHD in Early Childhood: A Study from F.B Area District Central, Karachi.

The attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent patterns of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity which may impact children's learning and social functioning. This study analysed the relationship between ADHD related behaviours and biological/perinatal, environmental/lifestyle and psychosocial/educational factors at early childhood in F.B. Area, District Central Karachi, Pakistan. A cross-sectional survey research design with quantitative approach was mentioned. The thesis reports 119 "valid responses" from parents and teachers, and outlines a structured Likert-type questionnaire. Tables were created in APA style and internal consistency, Pearson correlation and multiple regression results reported in the source document were combined. The reported mean score for the ADHD-symptom composite was 3.99 (SD = 0.64). Biological/perinatal factors were related to symptom scores positively (r=.556), followed by environmental/lifestyle factors (r=.492) and finally psychosocial/educational context (r=.391). The reported regression model explained 34.7% of the variance in symptom scores, R² = .347, adjusted R² = .330, F = 20.34, p < .001. The reported model showed that biological/perinatal factors (B = 0.318, p < .001) and environmental/lifestyle factors (B = 0.215, p = .031) were significant, whereas psychosocial/educational context was not (B = 0.076, p = .470). These results are intended to be interpreted as associations only in respondent reported data and not as a clinical diagnosis and/or causation. The raw data, number of items, domain score, and reference information will have to be verified against the original data before submitting to the journal.