Extraction, Stability, and Statistical Optimization of Pigments from Mango ( Mangifera indica L.) Peel as Sustainable Colorants for Cellulosic Fibers

Abstract Replacing synthetic dyes with natural alternatives derived from agro-industrial waste is crucial for the circular economy and the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals. This study investigates the potential of mango peel (Mangifera indica L.) as a source of natural dye for cotton, focusing on pigment stability and the optimization of processing conditions. The alcoholic extract was physically and chemically characterized, confirming the presence of polyphenols and flavonoids responsible for the yellowish color and antioxidant activity. Stability studies revealed that the pigments are sensitive to alkaline conditions, high temperatures, and prolonged UV irradiation, indicating specific storage guidelines. The dyeing process was optimized using a 2k factorial design, evaluating color variation (CIELAB system) and dye bath exhaustion efficiency. The results demonstrated that bath temperature, extract concentration, and contact time are statistically significant factors for dyeing efficacy. The optimized conditions yielded consistent and reproducible coloration, positioning mango peel extract as a viable, sustainable alternative for the textile industry with the potential to reduce the environmental impact associated with conventional dyes.