Determinan, Pengukuran, dan Dampak Kekurangan Energi Kronis serta Anemia pada Ibu Hamil dan Kelompok Terkait

Chronic Energy Deficiency (CED) and anemia among pregnant women are nutritional problems that may increase the risk of maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. This systematic review aims to identify and synthesize current scientific evidence regarding the determinants, measurement methods, and clinical consequences of anemia and energy or nutrient deficiencies among pregnant women and related populations. A total of 13 studies published in 2026 were reviewed, encompassing cross-sectional, cohort, longitudinal, and clinical trial designs conducted in several countries, including India, Bangladesh, Nigeria, Ethiopia, Uganda, the Philippines, Australia, China, and West Africa. The synthesis revealed that anemia and suboptimal nutritional status are influenced by multiple interrelated factors, including maternal social support networks (Petersson et al., 2026), adolescent pregnancy (Behera & Karmee, 2026), dietary patterns involving iron-rich foods (Birhanu et al., 2026), and metabolic factors in early pregnancy (Mohebi et al., 2026). Furthermore, the validity of hemoglobin measurement methods is an important consideration in ensuring the accurate identification of anemia (Mahfuz et al., 2026). Anemia has also been associated with an increased risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes (Shohana et al., 2026), variations in children's anthropometric status (Obeagu & Ubosi, 2026), and microcirculatory disturbances in populations with specific clinical conditions (Li et al., 2026). Although these findings broaden the understanding of the risk factors and consequences of nutritional deficiencies, empirical evidence specifically addressing CED among pregnant women remains limited. Therefore, further targeted research is needed to strengthen the scientific basis for developing effective screening, prevention, and maternal nutrition intervention strategies.