Probiotic-mediated reduction of detectable cypermethrin residues in milk: Effects on oxidative stress, DNA damage, and blood biochemistry in rats

86.66 µmol/mL in TC, whereas T2-T5 values were 87.35, 87.76, 71.59 and 75.17 µmol/mL. Antioxidant enzymes (SOD, GST-px, and CAT) increased in T4 and T5 and decreased in T1; relative liver and kidney weights increased only in T1. These findings show that the selected starter cultures can lower detectable parent cypermethrin and are associated with improved oxidative and biochemical markers in a controlled high-exposure model. They do not demonstrate metabolic detoxification: metabolites were not profiled, so conversion to toxic transformation products or simple cell-wall adsorption cannot be excluded. LOD and LOQ were not determined, so the lowest reported residuals (∼0.2 ppm) should be read as indicative rather than fully validated concentrations. The 10 ppm model far exceeds milk MRLs (typically 0.05-0.1 mg/kg), a pesticide-free yoghurt control and histopathology were not included, and source milk was not screened for aflatoxin M1 or other co-contaminants. Repeating the work at environmentally realistic levels, preferably in a multi-dose design, is required before any food-safety application is considered.