Evaluating Digital Inclusion in Smart Cities: Comparative Insights from India and South Africa

Despite increasing recognition of smart cities in urban research and policy, how digital technologies specifically advance inclusion remains unclear. Using a mixed-methods content analysis of smart city policy documents from India and South Africa, we assess inclusion across the digital, social, spatial, environmental, and political dimensions. Indian plans emphasize technological efficiency and centralized platforms but neglect vulnerable populations and spatial integration. By contrast, South African strategies prioritize community participation and upgrading informal settlements, though they lack robust digital infrastructure. Findings suggest inclusive smart cities require: (a) sustained participatory processes; (b) robust digital connectivity and platforms; and (c) capacity-building through digital skills and community empowerment.