Passive Predicate Formation and Structure of Lampungnese Language

This research provides an in-depth qualitative analysis of passive predicate formation and passive structures in the Lampungnese language, highlighting the intricate affixation processes that shape its grammatical framework. The findings confirm that passive predicates are primarily formed through affixation, involving the addition of prefixes to root words. This process may also combine a prefix, root word, and suffix, demonstrating a structured, systematic linguistic pattern. Specifically, four prefixes — di-, ti-, ke-, and te- — are identified as the primary markers of passive construction. Additionally, three suffixes—-ko/-kon/-ken, -i, and -ni—contribute to passive formation, with -ko, -kon, and -ken functioning interchangeably across two dialects, Api and Nyow. Notably, the study highlights that root words that can undergo passive transformation fall into three grammatical categories, namely verbs, nouns, and adjectives. Beyond morphological analysis, this research also examines the syntactic structure of passive sentences, revealing that passive construction in Lampung manifests in declarative, interrogative, and imperative forms. These findings offer valuable insights into Lampungnese grammatical complexity, deepen understanding of Austronesian passive structures, and contribute to broader discussions in linguistic typology and language preservation.