Darcy–Forchheimer Flow of Casson–Carreau Ternary Hybrid Nanofluid over a Wedge with Non-Uniform Heat Source/Sink Effects

Abstract: This study examines the Darcy–Forchheimer flow of a Casson–Carreau ternary hybrid nanofluid over a wedge in the presence of a non-uniform heat source/sink. The governing equations for momentum, energy, and concentration are transformed into ordinary differential equations using similarity transformations and solved numerically with the MATLAB bvp5c solver. The effects of various physical parameters on velocity, temperature, and concentration profiles are analyzed. The results show that the magnetic parameter and Forchheimer number reduce fluid velocity while increasing the temperature field. The Casson parameter, suction parameter, and wedge parameter enhance fluid motion and reduce thermal boundary layer thickness. Temperature ratio and radiation parameters strengthen the thermal profile, whereas Schmidt number and chemical reaction parameter decrease concentration. In contrast, activation energy increases concentration levels. Furthermore, increasing nanoparticle volume fractions enhances momentum and thermal transport, leading to improved heat and mass transfer rates. The results demonstrate the superior thermal performance of ternary hybrid nanofluids, making them suitable for advanced heat transfer and energy-related applications. Keywords: Casson/Carreau model, MHD, Darcy–Forchheimer, Ternary hybrid nanofluids, Wedge geometry.