Between Civilian Supremacy and the Guardian Military: Indonesia’s Hybrid Civil–Military Relations in Comparison with the United States and Turkey

This study examines Indonesia’s post-Reformasi civil–military relations through a comparison with the United States and Turkey. It aims to identify Indonesia’s distinctive pattern of civil–military relations and its implications for democratic governance and military professionalism. Using a qualitative comparative case study design and the structured focused comparison method, the study analyzes academic books, peer-reviewed articles, and official documents through Huntington’s concept of objective civilian control and the guardian military perspective. The findings show that Indonesia conforms neither to the democratic civilian supremacy of the United States nor to Turkey’s historical guardian military model. Instead, it has developed a hybrid pattern that combines civilian democratic authority, military professionalism, and a constitutionally defined role for the Indonesian National Armed Forces (TNI) in safeguarding sovereignty, territorial integrity, and Pancasila. This pattern reflects Indonesia’s historical trajectory, post-Reformasi transition, and security environment, but it remains contested by expanding military involvement in civilian affairs and uneven civilian oversight. The study contributes by showing that emerging democracies may develop context-specific civil–military arrangements rather than follow a single universal model. For Indonesia, the central challenge is to strengthen military professionalism while making civilian control firm and durable enough to prevent military political dominance.Penelitian ini mengkaji hubungan sipil–militer Indonesia pasca-Reformasi melalui perbandingan dengan Amerika Serikat dan Turki. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengidentifikasi pola khas hubungan sipil–militer Indonesia serta implikasinya terhadap tata kelola demokratis dan profesionalisme militer. Dengan desain studi kasus komparatif kualitatif dan metode structured focused comparison, penelitian ini menganalisis buku akademik, artikel jurnal bereputasi, dan dokumen resmi menggunakan konsep objective civilian control dari Huntington dan perspektif guardian military. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Indonesia tidak sepenuhnya mengikuti model supremasi sipil demokratis Amerika Serikat maupun model historis guardian military Turki. Indonesia justru mengembangkan pola hibrida yang memadukan otoritas sipil demokratis, profesionalisme militer, dan peran Tentara Nasional Indonesia (TNI) yang ditetapkan secara konstitusional dalam menjaga kedaulatan, keutuhan wilayah, dan Pancasila. Pola ini dibentuk oleh lintasan sejarah, transisi pasca-Reformasi, dan lingkungan keamanan Indonesia, tetapi masih diperdebatkan karena meluasnya keterlibatan militer dalam urusan sipil dan belum meratanya pengawasan sipil. Penelitian ini berkontribusi dengan menunjukkan bahwa negara demokrasi berkembang dapat membentuk pengaturan sipil–militer yang kontekstual, bukan mengikuti satu model universal. Bagi Indonesia, tantangan utamanya adalah memperkuat profesionalisme militer sekaligus menjadikan kontrol sipil cukup kokoh dan bertahan lama untuk mencegah dominasi politik militer.

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Publication Details

Journal
Jurnal Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik (JISIP)
Published
2026-11-07
DOI
https://doi.org/10.33366/jisip.v15i3.4265
Primary Topic
Military and Defense Studies
Type
article
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article

Between Civilian Supremacy and the Guardian Military: Indonesia’s Hybrid Civil–Military Relations in Comparison with the United States and Turkey

Ujang Komarudin, Syuan-yuan Chiou
Jurnal Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik (JISIP)
Military and Defense Studies
article

Between Civilian Supremacy and the Guardian Military: Indonesia’s Hybrid Civil–Military Relations in Comparison with the United States and Turkey

Ujang Komarudin, Syuan-yuan Chiou
article en

Abstract

This study examines Indonesia’s post-Reformasi civil–military relations through a comparison with the United States and Turkey. It aims to identify Indonesia’s distinctive pattern of civil–military relations and its implications for democratic governance and military professionalism. Using a qualitative comparative case study design and the structured focused comparison method, the study analyzes academic books, peer-reviewed articles, and official documents through Huntington’s concept of objective civilian control and the guardian military perspective. The findings show that Indonesia conforms neither to the democratic civilian supremacy of the United States nor to Turkey’s historical guardian military model. Instead, it has developed a hybrid pattern that combines civilian democratic authority, military professionalism, and a constitutionally defined role for the Indonesian National Armed Forces (TNI) in safeguarding sovereignty, territorial integrity, and Pancasila. This pattern reflects Indonesia’s historical trajectory, post-Reformasi transition, and security environment, but it remains contested by expanding military involvement in civilian affairs and uneven civilian oversight. The study contributes by showing that emerging democracies may develop context-specific civil–military arrangements rather than follow a single universal model. For Indonesia, the central challenge is to strengthen military professionalism while making civilian control firm and durable enough to prevent military political dominance.Penelitian ini mengkaji hubungan sipil–militer Indonesia pasca-Reformasi melalui perbandingan dengan Amerika Serikat dan Turki. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengidentifikasi pola khas hubungan sipil–militer Indonesia serta implikasinya terhadap tata kelola demokratis dan profesionalisme militer. Dengan desain studi kasus komparatif kualitatif dan metode structured focused comparison, penelitian ini menganalisis buku akademik, artikel jurnal bereputasi, dan dokumen resmi menggunakan konsep objective civilian control dari Huntington dan perspektif guardian military. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Indonesia tidak sepenuhnya mengikuti model supremasi sipil demokratis Amerika Serikat maupun model historis guardian military Turki. Indonesia justru mengembangkan pola hibrida yang memadukan otoritas sipil demokratis, profesionalisme militer, dan peran Tentara Nasional Indonesia (TNI) yang ditetapkan secara konstitusional dalam menjaga kedaulatan, keutuhan wilayah, dan Pancasila. Pola ini dibentuk oleh lintasan sejarah, transisi pasca-Reformasi, dan lingkungan keamanan Indonesia, tetapi masih diperdebatkan karena meluasnya keterlibatan militer dalam urusan sipil dan belum meratanya pengawasan sipil. Penelitian ini berkontribusi dengan menunjukkan bahwa negara demokrasi berkembang dapat membentuk pengaturan sipil–militer yang kontekstual, bukan mengikuti satu model universal. Bagi Indonesia, tantangan utamanya adalah memperkuat profesionalisme militer sekaligus menjadikan kontrol sipil cukup kokoh dan bertahan lama untuk mencegah dominasi politik militer.

Jurnal Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik (JISIP)
Universitas Al-Azhar Indonesia (ID), National Chengchi University (TW)
Openalex Percentile: Top 7%
Military and Defense Studies
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