The heptagonal theorem of 131: every sum of generalized heptagonal numbers that represents 1, ..., 131 is universal

Let p_7(x) = (5x^2 - 3x)/2 be the generalized heptagonal numbers. Kamaraj, Kane and Oishi-Tomiyasu (J. Number Theory 249, 2023) proved that a sum of generalized heptagonal numbers with positive integer coefficients is universal as soon as it represents every natural number up to 3.9·10^106, and observed numerically that the true bound should be 131. This paper proves gamma_7 = 131: such a sum represents every natural number if and only if it represents 1, ..., 131. The proof is computer-assisted: the escalation argument reduces the statement to 217 quaternary and 39 quinary sums; for each quaternary sum the representation numbers are a Siegel main term plus the coefficients of a weight-2 cusp form of level up to 209 600, bounded at the bad part by Petersson's formula with the Weil bound for Kloosterman sums and by an explicit cusp-by-cusp Petersson norm bound with exact theta and Eisenstein expansions at every cusp; the finitely many candidates (about 10^11) are represented explicitly, and the 3-adic obstruction of (1,1,3,3) is removed by an exact descent. Every floating-point input is enclosed in ball arithmetic (FLINT/Arb) or covered by a rounding analysis of the code that was run. The mathematics, programs and text were produced by Claude (Anthropic) under the author's direction, audited by separate AI runs and by nine rounds of adversarial review with ChatGPT (OpenAI); no human expert has yet read the argument. The attached zip contains all programs, result files, certificates, logs, working notes, audit records and review transcripts, so that every step can be rerun with free software.

Authors

Publication Details

Journal
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Published
2026-11-08
DOI
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24050378
Primary Topic
Analytic Number Theory Research
Type
article
Field-Weighted Citation Impact
0.00
Controls
|||
ALL TIME
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUN
JUL
AUG
SEP
OCT
NOV
article

The heptagonal theorem of 131: every sum of generalized heptagonal numbers that represents 1, ..., 131 is universal

Aaron Cooper
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Analytic Number Theory Research
article

The heptagonal theorem of 131: every sum of generalized heptagonal numbers that represents 1, ..., 131 is universal

Aaron Cooper
article en

Abstract

Let p_7(x) = (5x^2 - 3x)/2 be the generalized heptagonal numbers. Kamaraj, Kane and Oishi-Tomiyasu (J. Number Theory 249, 2023) proved that a sum of generalized heptagonal numbers with positive integer coefficients is universal as soon as it represents every natural number up to 3.9·10^106, and observed numerically that the true bound should be 131. This paper proves gamma_7 = 131: such a sum represents every natural number if and only if it represents 1, ..., 131. The proof is computer-assisted: the escalation argument reduces the statement to 217 quaternary and 39 quinary sums; for each quaternary sum the representation numbers are a Siegel main term plus the coefficients of a weight-2 cusp form of level up to 209 600, bounded at the bad part by Petersson's formula with the Weil bound for Kloosterman sums and by an explicit cusp-by-cusp Petersson norm bound with exact theta and Eisenstein expansions at every cusp; the finitely many candidates (about 10^11) are represented explicitly, and the 3-adic obstruction of (1,1,3,3) is removed by an exact descent. Every floating-point input is enclosed in ball arithmetic (FLINT/Arb) or covered by a rounding analysis of the code that was run. The mathematics, programs and text were produced by Claude (Anthropic) under the author's direction, audited by separate AI runs and by nine rounds of adversarial review with ChatGPT (OpenAI); no human expert has yet read the argument. The attached zip contains all programs, result files, certificates, logs, working notes, audit records and review transcripts, so that every step can be rerun with free software.

Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Openalex Percentile: Top 14%
Analytic Number Theory Research
AI Navigator

Ask Laika to Summarize, Analyze, and Connect papers live on the map.

Summarize Papers & Methodologies

Extract key findings, datasets, and comparative methods across publications.

Benchmark Rankings & Visual Analytics

Rank top research institutions, authors, funders, topics, and journals by Field-Weighted Citation Impact (FWCI) and paper volume with instant charts.

Connect Distant Disciplines

Bridge topological clusters on the map to find hidden collaborative intersections.

Laika access coming soon