Ijtihad and Shura in Islamic Thought: Critical Reasoning, Consultative Governance, and the Renewal of Religious Authority

Keywords: Ijtihad; Critical Reasoning; Islamic Thought; Religious Authority; Shura. Abstract; This research examines the role of ijtihad and shura in Islamic thought as fundamental principles for critical reasoning, consultative governance, and the renewal of religious authority. The problem of this research departs from the tension between the fixed nature of religious texts and the changing dynamics of the lives of Muslim society, especially in dealing with contemporary legal, social, and political issues. This research uses a qualitative method based on literature studies with a conceptual analysis approach to classical Islamic legal theory and the thought of modern reformers through the work of Abu Hanifah, al-Shafi'i, al-Ghazali, Muhammad Iqbal, Fazlur Rahman, and Tariq Ramadan. The results of the study show that ijtihad functions as a systematic rational interpretation method and is bound to the principles of Islamic law to respond to the changing times, while shura plays a role as an ethical and institutional mechanism in building consultation, accountability, and limiting political power. This study concludes that ijtihad and shura are two interrelated principles in the Islamic intellectual tradition that allow for the realization of dynamic, responsible, and contextual Islamic thought. Kata Kunci: Ijtihad; Otoritas Keagamaan; Pemikiran Islam; Penalaran Kritis; Shura. Abstrak; Penelitian ini mengkaji peran ijtihad dan shura dalam pemikiran Islam sebagai prinsip fundamental bagi penalaran kritis, tata kelola konsultatif, dan pembaruan otoritas keagamaan. Permasalahan penelitian ini berangkat dari ketegangan antara sifat tetap teks-teks keagamaan dengan dinamika perubahan kehidupan masyarakat Muslim, khususnya dalam menghadapi persoalan hukum, sosial, dan politik kontemporer. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif berbasis studi kepustakaan dengan pendekatan analisis konseptual terhadap teori hukum Islam klasik dan pemikiran para pembaru modern melalui karya Abu Hanifah, al-Shafi‘i, al-Ghazali, Muhammad Iqbal, Fazlur Rahman, dan Tariq Ramadan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ijtihad berfungsi sebagai metode interpretasi rasional yang sistematis dan terikat pada prinsip-prinsip hukum Islam untuk menjawab perubahan zaman, sedangkan shura berperan sebagai mekanisme etis dan kelembagaan dalam membangun konsultasi, akuntabilitas, serta pembatasan kekuasaan politik. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa ijtihad dan shura merupakan dua prinsip yang saling berkaitan dalam tradisi intelektual Islam yang memungkinkan terwujudnya pemikiran Islam yang dinamis, bertanggung jawab, dan kontekstual.

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Journal
Indonesian Journal of Islamic Theology and Philosophy
Published
2026-11-07
DOI
https://doi.org/10.24042/ijitp.v8i2.33071
Primary Topic
Qur’anic Interpretation Studies
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article
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article

Ijtihad and Shura in Islamic Thought: Critical Reasoning, Consultative Governance, and the Renewal of Religious Authority

Sidra Tariq, Agus Mahfudin Setiawan
Indonesian Journal of Islamic Theology and Philosophy
Qur’anic Interpretation Studies
article

Ijtihad and Shura in Islamic Thought: Critical Reasoning, Consultative Governance, and the Renewal of Religious Authority

Sidra Tariq, Agus Mahfudin Setiawan
article en

Abstract

Keywords: Ijtihad; Critical Reasoning; Islamic Thought; Religious Authority; Shura. Abstract; This research examines the role of ijtihad and shura in Islamic thought as fundamental principles for critical reasoning, consultative governance, and the renewal of religious authority. The problem of this research departs from the tension between the fixed nature of religious texts and the changing dynamics of the lives of Muslim society, especially in dealing with contemporary legal, social, and political issues. This research uses a qualitative method based on literature studies with a conceptual analysis approach to classical Islamic legal theory and the thought of modern reformers through the work of Abu Hanifah, al-Shafi'i, al-Ghazali, Muhammad Iqbal, Fazlur Rahman, and Tariq Ramadan. The results of the study show that ijtihad functions as a systematic rational interpretation method and is bound to the principles of Islamic law to respond to the changing times, while shura plays a role as an ethical and institutional mechanism in building consultation, accountability, and limiting political power. This study concludes that ijtihad and shura are two interrelated principles in the Islamic intellectual tradition that allow for the realization of dynamic, responsible, and contextual Islamic thought. Kata Kunci: Ijtihad; Otoritas Keagamaan; Pemikiran Islam; Penalaran Kritis; Shura. Abstrak; Penelitian ini mengkaji peran ijtihad dan shura dalam pemikiran Islam sebagai prinsip fundamental bagi penalaran kritis, tata kelola konsultatif, dan pembaruan otoritas keagamaan. Permasalahan penelitian ini berangkat dari ketegangan antara sifat tetap teks-teks keagamaan dengan dinamika perubahan kehidupan masyarakat Muslim, khususnya dalam menghadapi persoalan hukum, sosial, dan politik kontemporer. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif berbasis studi kepustakaan dengan pendekatan analisis konseptual terhadap teori hukum Islam klasik dan pemikiran para pembaru modern melalui karya Abu Hanifah, al-Shafi‘i, al-Ghazali, Muhammad Iqbal, Fazlur Rahman, dan Tariq Ramadan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ijtihad berfungsi sebagai metode interpretasi rasional yang sistematis dan terikat pada prinsip-prinsip hukum Islam untuk menjawab perubahan zaman, sedangkan shura berperan sebagai mekanisme etis dan kelembagaan dalam membangun konsultasi, akuntabilitas, serta pembatasan kekuasaan politik. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa ijtihad dan shura merupakan dua prinsip yang saling berkaitan dalam tradisi intelektual Islam yang memungkinkan terwujudnya pemikiran Islam yang dinamis, bertanggung jawab, dan kontekstual.

Indonesian Journal of Islamic Theology and Philosophy
Government College University, Lahore (PK)
Openalex Percentile: Top 4%
Qur’anic Interpretation Studies
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