Trends, policies, and practices of bilingual and multilingual education in Vietnam in the context of globalization

In the context of increasing globalization, bilingual and multilingual education is a crucial strategy for developing a workforce capable of adapting to multicultural environments. This article analyzes language education trends in Vietnam, focusing on policies, existing models, and practical implementation. Based on key documents such as the 2019 Education Law, the 2018 General Education Program, and the national strategy for ethnic minority education, the study highlights Vietnam’s commitment to enhancing foreign language proficiency while preserving indigenous languages. Prominent models include the Cambridge International Program, VNEN combined with U.S. curricula, the International Baccalaureate (IB), and ethnic language programs (as of 2024). Through the analysis of documents from 2010 to 2024, the article identifies both the benefits and challenges of bilingual education and offers recommendations to improve bilingual and multilingual education policy effectiveness, contributing to the development of high-quality human resources in the digital era.