Social Stratification in Wartime: Inequality in Access to Exit, Mobilization Procedures, Economic Resources and State Responsibility in Ukraine (2022–2026)

SOCIAL STRATIFICATION IN WARTIME: Inequality in Access to Exit, Mobilization Procedures, Economic Resources and State Responsibility in Ukraine (2022–2026) Abstract This 47-page independent legal and socio-institutional research examines documented forms of social stratification in Ukraine during the full-scale Russian invasion between 24 February 2022 and 7 November 2026. The study investigates inequalities in access to cross-border movement, mobilization-related administrative procedures, deferments, economic resources, and effective legal protection. It considers four analytical dimensions of stratification: economic, social, administrative, and procedural resources. The empirical framework draws on publicly available legal documents, official institutional information, investigative journalism, asset declarations, documented administrative cases, and European temporary protection statistics. The analysis covers six interconnected areas: wartime exit regulations and deferments; international displacement and European statistical data; administrative exit mechanisms, including the Shliakh system; economic resources and declared foreign assets; reported human rights violations during mobilization; and the implications for equality before the law and state accountability. The research distinguishes documented individual violations from broader structural patterns and separates different statistical populations to avoid unsupported comparisons. Its findings identify verifiable differences in access to resources, problematic administrative mechanisms, and documented cases of unlawful conduct. However, the available evidence does not establish the overall quantitative scale of class-based inequality in access to exit permissions or mobilization deferments. The study contributes to discussions on wartime social justice, administrative accountability, human rights protection, and the rule of law. Author: Volodymyr Rozhko ORCID: 0009-0001-9208-5341 Affiliation: Ukrainian Cultural Center in Switzerland (Ticino) Research period: 2022–2026 Version: 1.0, 7 November 2026 Research methodology: Documentary analysis of open sources, secondary analysis of published data, and legal analysis.