In Vitro and In Vivo Drug Screening for Breast Cancer Using 3d Engineered Tissues

Breast cancer remains a prevalent and complex malignancy affecting a vast population in the world, characterized by its varied histological, molecular, and microenvironmental features. This comprehensive review research findings from 2010 to 2024, emphasizing the significant role of the tumor microenvironment and the advancement of innovative in vitro and in vivo models in breast cancer research and treatment. It delves into the biological mechanisms underlying breast cancer progression, particularly the interactions between cancer cells and surrounding stromal components, including immune cells, fibroblasts, adipocytes, and the extracellular matrix, which collectively impact disease progression and therapeutic responses. Additionally, the review highlights the emergence of advanced three-dimensional (3D) models, such as spheroids, organoids, and tumor-on-chip systems, as groundbreaking tools that closely mimic the native tumor environment, thereby enhancing our understanding and treatment of this multifaceted disease. Tumor-on-chip systems represent a significant advancement in cancer research, effectively mimicking the native tumor architecture and heterogeneity, which enhances their predictive value for drug screening and personalized medicine. Patient-derived organoids (PDOs) and xenografts (PDXs) have demonstrated promising correlations between genomic profiles and therapeutic outcomes, providing valuable insights into treatment resistance and sensitivity across various breast cancer subtypes. Furthermore, incorporating microfluidic and nanotechnology-based platforms has improved the physiological relevance of preclinical testing, thereby narrowing the translational gap. However, the review also critically examines the limitations of these models, such as the incomplete recapitulation of tumor heterogeneity in organoids and the high cost and complexity of PDX models, which must be addressed to fully realize their potential in personalized oncology. This review highlights the essential role of biomimetic modeling in the progression of breast cancer diagnostics, drug development, and precision oncology, affirming its critical importance in modern medical research.