Adoption and Scalability of Complementary Nutrient Inputs: Evidence from Eastern South Dakota

Fertilizer price volatility has intensified producers’ interest in alternatives that improve nutrient usage efficiency. Using a 2025 survey of eastern South Dakota grain producers, this study documents adoption and scalability of slow-release fertilizers, organic fertilizers, biofertilizers, and biochar. Slow-release fertilizers show widespread, whole-farm integration, whereas organic fertilizers remain acreage-limited due to sourcing and transportation constraints. Biofertilizers are used primarily in early-stage, low-intensity experimentation, and biochar adoption is negligible. Combined-use patterns indicate producers view these inputs as complementary components of broader soil-health strategies. Beyond price considerations, adoption outcomes could also hinge on functional reliability, sourcing constraints, and perceived agronomic benefits. Findings underscore the need for integrated, portfolio-based nutrient-management policies to reduce input-price risk and support long-term soil productivity.