TYPES AND DEVELOPMENT STAGES OF STUDENT LEARNING OUTCOME ASSESSMENT SYSTEMS IN HIGHER EDUCATION

The article systematizes the types of student learning outcome assessment systems used in higher education and the stages of their development. Summative, formative, sustainable, peer, online and programmatic approaches are compared by purpose, timing and typical instruments. The development of assessment is described as a movement from selection and certification toward assessment that supports learning, and then toward holistic, system-level approaches. The benefits and constraints of each approach, including feedback quality, fairness, academic integrity and infrastructure, are summarized in tables, and directions for improving assessment systems are proposed.